7b - 9c - Ams

Uhm, Aja Aja fighting ... :D
Mèo ngố, hum nào đi mua đĩa v tao :D
 
Thục béo đi học chưa? Năm nay học hành có bận bịu ko? Loanh quanh mày cũng chỉ còn có mỗi 1 năm thui nhỉ :D
 
đã học hành gì đâu ạ, tuần tới tao mới bắt đầu học , năm nay chắc có tí pressure , vì nó bắt đầu tính credit , năm ngoái nhởn nhơ nó quen rùi :D , keke, năm nay tao join nhiều associations bên này lém ,nổi hứng đăng kí, ko bít có đi đc lâu ko : tennis, badminton, basketball, photograph .... định bắt trc con L đi hoc Yoga nữa....

Hôm nay con K dọn nhà này, trời mưa rồi lạnh nữa, nhà tao với nhà nó cách nhau có chưa đầy 5 phút đi bộ ...chắc suốt ngày qua rủ hàng xóm đi chợ cùng quá :x ...Mai lên London đi làm rồi quay về đi học , keke ,sắp hết nhởn nhơ rồi, chứ mấy tuần đầu sang bí bách quá , tao mới trang trí lại phòng đẹp lém , khi nó gửi ảnh cho chúg mày xem nhé...
 
1...2...3..., chúc mừng sinh nhật Thục béo cái nào. Chúc mày hay ăn chóng lớn, và luôn vui vẻ ;;) :x

Các bạn lười vào topic này quá. Kều đú đởn ở đâu rùi mà chả thấy tăm hơi.
Cả Liên nữa, huhu...
 
iu bọn mày nhìu nhìu :x hì, sn năm nay nhiều thứ bất ngờ vật ạ , cũng vui nữa , hi` , liên lạc với tất cả mọi ng luôn , hi` ,thanks mày Vân nhé , tao iu đời lém , keke , nhưng mày nên chúc tao chăm học lên thì hợp lí hơn :D , anyway , cảm ơn bọn mày , cảm ơn nx đứa bạn xung quanh , cảm ơn nhìu nhìu ng đặc biệt nữa .... I hv a great birthday in some special ways ...:* :x
 
Happie Kều xinh nhé, già rùi, hicchi, cứ thế nào ý mày nhỉ .... keke , từ từ thì khoai nó mới nhừ :)>- ... chứ đòi mọi thứ ngay thì sao đ.c [-( Chúc K xinh học hành chăm chỉ , hehe , mandarin or french chơi tất , cái nào cũng xì xồ giỏi như tây nói tiếng việt :)) hi` , mà nhớ nhé, gừng càng già càng cay ... find s1 who can understand u is quite hard... dont lose it :*
 
Hị hị, chúc mừng snh Kều... chúc mày như trong cái thiếp :D

Chúc mừng chị em phụ nữ nhân ngày 20-10, chúc cho bọn mình luôn xinh tươi, yêu đời ... :x
 
Chủ đề gì mà dài vãi cả linh hồn thế này?? Chắc không phải lớp 9C nhà mình rồi. Buồn một phút!....
59, 58, 57... 3 2 1 0! Xong rồi!

Hoan hô chợ xôm quá, buôn bét nhè. :D
 
:(( hôm qua tao bị cả cái cửa sổ rơi vào đầu.... đau vật :(( ... hôm nay vẫn còn thấy choáng ...***, đen thế cơ chứ ... hichic , đau suýt khóc ... mà tình hình các bạn thế nào , có lẽ xmas này mình sang Đức với bạn Liên ...
 
1.

Millennium PLC is the company which advertised in newspaper inviting “written tenders” for the supply and erection of a large marquee and any tenders reply within 14 days after the advertisement will be submitted. Back to Partridge v Crittenden (1968) case; the case was held that the defendant was not guilty, his advertisement was an invitation to treat, not an offer. As a result, the advertisement from Millennium PLC can also be seen as an invitation to treat. Similar to Spencer v Harding (1870), the defendant’s advertisement asking for tenders was only an invitation to treat. However, in that case, Willies J stated that “the invitation for tenders would have been the offer of a unilateral contract if it had gone on to say, ‘and we undertake to sell to the highest bidder’” (MacIntyre, p82). Therefore, the sentence “the lowest price to get the contract” had changed this invitation to treat to an offer of a unilateral contract. One of the tenders, who quote the lowest price in terms of the offer, has to be accepted to entitle into the contract. There were 4 tenders involved: Tents Ltd., Wigwam Ltd., Tepee Ltd. and Bigtop Ltd.

According to the first tender’s case, Tents Ltd. post a letter quoting a price of £10,000 but because the postal code was omitted from the address so the letter arrived after the deadline. The postal rule is applied here. It states that the acceptance of an offer by post is effective as soon as the letter is properly addressed and properly posted (MacIntyre, p78). Based on Adams v Lindsell (1818) case, because the defendant misdirected the letter, so when the letter of acceptance from claimant was properly posted on 5 September, the binding contract was legally made and it was impossible to call the offer off. In this case, the letter wasn’t posted properly (because of the postcode omission) and due to it arriving late the letter of acceptance was no longer valid. Millennium PLC wasn’t bounded by any contract with Tents Ltd. Tents Ltd. had no right to claim for the contract.

Tepee Ltd. is the third tender who had made the lowest quote of £8,000 and stipulated that payment be in advance. MacIntyre (p80) declares that “Acceptance of an offer must be unqualified and unconditional. A response which proposes a material alteration of the terms of the offer will amount to a counter offer. The effect of such a counter offer will be to revoke the original offer”. As in the advertisement, nothing was mentioned about advanced payment whilst Tepee Ltd.’s request had put additional condition in the contract, which means it can be seen as a counter offer. In relation to Hyde v Wrench (1840), the claimant negotiated the price to reduce from £1,000 to £950, which meant his response to the original offer had proposed a material alteration of the terms of the offer and that explained why his offer amounted to a counter offer and had revoked the defendant’s original offer. Back to Tepee Ltd.’s case, because they immediately sent the letter after seeing the advertisement so their letter is still valid within the time limit. This meant they could legally ask Millennium PLC to accept their counter offer in 14 day time. If Millennium PLC agrees with that counter offer, Tepee Ltd-the company that gave the lowest quote – can be contractually entitled to the contract.

Following is the forth tender – Bigtop Ltd. They sent a letter which arrived in time and quoted a price of “£11,000 or £500 less than the lowest price submitted, which ever is the lower “. Referring to the Haverla case (http://www.duhaime.org ), similar to Bigtop Ltd.’s bid, Sir Leonard Outerbridge bid $2,100,000 or $100,000 in excess of any other offer and this offer had been accepted. But the case was held that Sir Leonard Outerbridge’s bid was a referential bid and the trial judge gave judgment for Harvela. The trial stated that constituting a fixed bidding sale was necessary upon its true construction, for this reason Sir Leonard was not entitled to submit and the vendors were not entitled to accept a referential bid. Consequently, Bigtop Ltd’s bid is also a referential bid, they didn’t form a fixed bidding price then Millennium PLC shouldn’t accept them.

Finally, the second tender Wigwam Ltd. has to be considered. They faxed a reply with a price of £9,000 (fax letter still can be considered as “written tender”). We can see that Wigwam Ltd. gave the second lowest quote of £9,000, higher than the lowest one of £8,000 from Tepee Ltd. Besides, their quote was still applicable within the time bound and didn’t ask for any further conditions. As a result, Wigwam Ltd. could be accepted within the terms of the contract.

In summary, after considering four tender’s cases, the best advice for Millennium PLC would be Tepee Ltd., in case if they could manage to pay in advance for Tepee Ltd. Although Tepee Ltd. asked for additional condition but they had the lowest quote among four tenders, less than the second lowest quote by up to £1,000 and meanwhile Tents Ltd. exceeded the time limit and Bigtop Ltd.was a referential bid. However, if Millennium PLC couldn’t handle the payment in advance, Wigwam Ltd. should be the best option for them with reasonable price and time legalization.























2.

Definition of and some distinctions between: (from MacIntyre, p7)
i) Terry sues Daley Motors claiming £3,000 damages for the sale to him of a defective motor car. In this case, Terry (the claimant) is claiming to get the compensation due to a loss from a defective car, which was bought from Daley Motors (the defendant) so it can be seen as a civil offence. Moreover, this case would be heard by the county court because the amount claimed is £3,000 only (not sufficient enough to be heard by higher court)

ii) Similar to some extent with the case above Terry v Daley Motors, Alf is suing his employer Skimpy Ltd. for damages following an accident at work caused by defective equipment, it means the claimant is requiring a compensation for the injury from wrongs committed by the defendant therefore this is a civil offence. However, failure to observe health and safety provisions of Skimpy Ltd. would also be connected with criminal offence because it is the wrongs against the society. In summary, this case constitutes both Civil and Criminal wrongs. Thus on the one hand, the claiming for personal injuries amounts to £50,000 is a large sum of money then it should be heard by High Court and on the other hand, the State would prosecute Skimpy Ltd. for breaking Health and Safety law in Magistrates’ court. If more serious, this case could be held in higher court, even Court of Appeal.

iii) Joe is charged with the theft of £50 from the bank for which he works. This is the wrong that a person diddles society to get things that doesn’t belong to him, which means against the society, thus this fraudulent offence can be seen as a criminal offence (as said by the definition above). Besides, the theft of £50 is not a big amount of money hence by reason of that unserious ness; it would be heard by Magistrates’ court.

iv) Hamilton P.L.C is charged with offences relating to non-payment of large sums of tax to H.M Customs. Paying tax for government is the responsibility of each individual and each business when they made profit, so the offence relating to non-payment of large sums of tax by Hamilton P.L.C can be seen as fraudulent wrongs against the government, against the society. As the result, this is a criminal offence. Moreover, due to the significance of large sums unpaid, this case would be first held by Crown court or even Court of Appeal (Criminal divisions) if more serious.

v) Fiona wishes to claim compensation from her employer because her contract of employment has been terminated without notice. This is the case of a person who has been caused loss (stop working, no more income) by the wrongful act of other individuals and this person is trying to claim for the compensation. Based on the definition of civil law stated on top, it can be seen obviously as a civil offence and should be first held in county court, if more serious, it can be heard by High Court.





References:

Edwan MacIntyre, Business Law, 2nd edition, England: Pearson Education Limited, 2005

http://www.duhaime.org/contract/ca-con4.aspx (Harvela case)








































FOUNDATION OF LAW COURSEWORK 2005/6

TRAN HUYEN TRANG (N0132692)
 
Civil Law

• Civil law is concerned with the relationship between private individuals.
• The claimant sues the defendant
• Its purpose is to compensate a person who has suffered loss or injury or to prevent unlawful acts.
• Civil cases are first heard in either the county court or the High Court.

Criminal Law

• Criminal law is concerned with offences against the society.
• The state prosecutes the defendant
• Its purpose is to punish the wrongdoer.


• Criminal cases are first heard in either magistrates' court or a Crown court.

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bọn mày ơi, đừng tưởng tao bị điên nha , do ngày mai tao fai nộp law coursework mà mạng ở nhà bị down nên ko thể attach lên yahoo đc, nên tao đành fai post ở đây để đến trường in ra :D, hehe, lí do rất chi là lãng nhách :p
trời, K đã là người vực dậy cho cái 7b-9c này , hehe, nhưng ko biết có tồn tại típ ko :D
 
bọn mày ơi, đừng nghĩ tao bị điên nha
hehe, do ngày mai tao fai nộp law coursework, mạng ở nhà tự nhiên hôm nay sh!t vật, ko attach lên yahoo đc, tao dk bit post ở đâu, cuối cùng nhớ ra cái 7b-9c này, hehe, đúng là lúc hoạn nạn thì luôn trở về với cội nguồn :D
hehe, 7b-9c đã đc hồi sinh sau bao năm tháng nhờ 1 lí do lãng nhách của K :D
ko bít tồn tại thêm đc bao lâu :p
trời, K iu 7b-9c qua' ;;) ko mún nó die chút nào hết
 
Hehe, Kều sắp thi ah, khổ thân
Tao vừa thoát môn này xong :D
Cũng may nhờ cái môn này mà topic 7b-9c lại revive :D
 
Chỉnh sửa lần cuối:
giật minh` , tự dưng vào đây thấy 7b-9c hồi sinh ... keke ,lí do lãng nhách thiệt , keke , nhưng mà thế cũng tốt, nhớ bọn mày quá .... hic, sao tự dưng muốn về nhà thế nhỉ... keke , con K làm quả post bài law lên đây làm tao tưởng mày dọa mọi người chứ... keke , thôi từ giờ đến tết cố giữ cho cái topic này sống , keke , câu bài tí cũng được :p , yêu chúng mày quá , ehe, yêu cái ngày xưa thía , chết ***** , lại hoài cổ rùi :x
 
Thục sướng nhỉ, mày đã năm cuối rồi, tao mới năm đầu, đời SV hãy còn dài lắm:D. Học ở Đức đúng là nhục, chắc 30 tuổi mới xong mất:))
 
Chúc các cháu 7B-9C năm mới ngoan, học giỏi, vâng lời ông bà cha mẹ người iu, hehe >:D<
Luv you all :x
 
keke, ng` iu ma` cũng phải nghe lời ý hả mày , hehe thế thì cả năm bị bắt nạp rùi ,sao ko chúc ngược lại :p ...

to K : chúc mày năm nay ăn tết thật vui và có ý nghĩa nhé ... cố lên nhé ... :x

to Vân : may` iu , năm nay mày xin chữ Dũng đúng ko , hi` , chúc cho bạn tao có đủ nghị lực và dũng cảm làm nx điều đang chờ phía trước , cười tươi với lại vui vẻ hơn nhìu nhé < mày kín quá , chả bít chi cả >

to mèo : năm mới , chúc mèo xinh nhận đc nhìu lì xì , chịu khó liên lạc với tao và tràn ngập hạnh phúc nhé :x

to Liên : mày học tốt nhé, ở 1 mình cũng cố gắng nhá ... chúc cho mày với hưng với thg hưng ko bị tách nhau xa quá nhé

keke, to các bạn còn lại , Nam iu nữa chứ ... năm mới vui vẻ , một năm thành công và đáng ghi nhớ hơn nhé, hehe , sang tuổi 20 rùi :x
 
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