Contraception - Birth-control methods

emNga

Nguyễn Lý Hiền Nga
(emNga)

Điều hành viên
đây là bài báo cáo em định nộp hôm trước trên lớp, nhưng cuối cùng thì hết thời gian nói nên lại thôi, hôm nay linh tinh lên đây vậy ^^
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CONTRACEPTION

-BIRTH CONTROL METHODS-
​


I. Barrier methods

a. Condom

b. Diaphragm or cervical cap

c. Lea shield

d. Contraceptive sponge

II. Hormonal methods

a. Implants (norplant)

b. Depo-Provera (shots)

c. Birth control pills

d. Birth control patch

III. Emergency contraception

IV. Other methods

 
I/ Barrier Methods
Barrier methods of birth control work by using some form of barrier to prevent sperm from entering the uterus. Common types of barriers include the diaphragm, cervical cap, lea shield, suppositories, the male or female condom…
1. Condom:
- Made of latex, plastic, or animal tissue.
- Prevents seminal fluid, which contains sperm to enter the vagina.
- Two kinds: latex rubber condoms and vinyl plastic condoms.
- There are condoms for men (98% effective) and women (95% effective).
Advantages:
1. Safe and effective in preventing pregnancy.
2. Safe and effective in preventing sexually transmitted diseases.
3. Easy to use, easy to purchase, no prescription is needed.
3. Widely available, diverse and relatively inexpensive.
4. Nowadays, we have female condom which helps the women has more control, though it’s still a little expensive and hard to use in the right way.
Disadvantages:
1. They may interrupt sex.
2. They can break or leak.
3. They can slip off.
4. If you have sex frequently the cost can be significant.
5. A man or woman might be allergic to latex rubber.
 
2. Diaphragm and cervical cap:
- The diaphragm is a small rubber cap shaped like a shallow latex cup.
- The cervical cap is a thimble-shaped latex cup that fits over the cervix.
- They are often used with a spermicide cream, jelly or gel.
- Diaphragm is 94% effective and cervical cap is 80 to 90% effective at preventing pregnancy for women with no child, and 60 to 80% for women who have had a child.
Advantages:
1. More effective than foam or suppositories.
2. The woman controls the method.
3. Unnoticeable.
4. Fewer and less serious side effects than many other forms of birth control are experienced.
5. Cervical cap can be left in place for up to 48 hours, allowing spontaneous protected intercourse. It’s also smaller and less messy than the diaphragm.
Disadvantages:
1. Less effective than the condom.
2. Putting it in is hard and may interrupt.
3. The cream or jelly may have an unpleasant taste.
4. Using it increases the chance of getting bladder infections.
5. You have to go to a doctor or clinic to be fitted for one and instructed in its use.
6. Provides very little protection against STIs.
7. Cervical cap can be trickier to insert and remove than a diaphragm, and may be dislodged from the cervix during intercourse.
 
3. Contraceptive Sponge:

- The contraceptive sponge is a small, pillow-shaped polyurethane sponge that contains a spermicide.
- Designed: There is a concave spot on one side of the sponge that fits over the cervix and acts both as a barrier for sperm and helps to keep the sponge in place during intercourse. The opposite side of the sponge has a small loop to assist in the sponge's removal after intercourse.
- Effectiveness: 81% to 91%, but only 84% to 87% with women who don’t use it all the time.
Advantages:
1. Can be inserted up to 24 hours prior to intercourse, enabling spontaneous sex, and provides effective birth control if intercourse occurs more than once during that period.
2. Easy to use, easy to purchase without a prescription, affordable and comfortable.
3. Does not contain hormones.
4. Small enough to be carried in a purse.
5. Disposable.
6. Not as messy as other spermicidal products.
7. May provide some protection from some kinds of STIs.
Disadvantages:
1. May causes allergy or toxic shock.
2. Does not protect against HIV.
3. Cannot be uses during period.
4. Has only one size.
5. You have to wait for 6 hours after intercourse.
 
II/ Hormonal Methods
There are some birth control methods based on changing the amount of hormone in our body, such as birth control pill and patch, contraceptive implant, norplant and shot…
1. Spermicide:
- Chemical barriers to conception include spermicidal (sperm-killing) cream, jelly, or foam…
- Measured into an applicator and inserted into the vagina shortly before intercourse.
- The contraceptive suppository works on the same principle, and provides protection against pregnancy for roughly an hour.
- Protects against pregnancy for up to 24 hours.
- Effectiveness: 74%.
Advantages:
1. Safe, few side effects.
2. Come in many forms: foam, gel, cream, film, suppository, or tablet.
3. Some spermicides also have an ingredient called nonoxynol-9, which can protect you some STIs.
4. No prescription is needed.
5. Available at most pharmacies, supermarkets and convenience stores.
6. Relatively inexpensive.
7. Easy to use.
Disadvantages:
1. Used alone can have a failure rate (chance pregnancy will occur) of up to 30%. Should be used with other methods.
2. Can cause skin or mucous membrane irritation, such as rush or burning sensation in the women or her partner.
3. Must be left in place as least six to eight hours after intercourse.
4. Must be used correctly every time.
5. Not as spontaneous as other hormonal methods.
6. Allergy or irritation.
7. Messy.
8. Must be placed in the vagina prior to sex.
 
2. Birth Control Pill (Oral Contraceptive):

- Prevents the monthly release of an egg.
- Thickens the cervical mucus so the sperm cannot swim inside to reach both the uterus and fallopian tubes.
- Makes the ling of the uterus thin so the egg can’t stick.
- Contains the hormones estrogen and progestin.
- Effectiveness: 99.9%
Advantages:
1. Easy to use.
2. Rarely have side effects.
3. Some spermicides also have an ingredient called nonoxynol-9, which can protect you some STIs.
4. No prescription is needed.
5. Available at most pharmacies, supermarkets and convenience stores.
6. Relatively inexpensive.
7. Menstrual periods are more regular, lighter, shorter and less painful. You can choose exactly when to have your period, or when not to have it.
8. Increases the chance you'll be able to get pregnant in the future, due to items below marked with an asterisk.
9. Blood loss is reduced, so the chance of iron deficiency anemia is much less. The risk of cancer of the uterus is reduced by 80%. The risk of cancer of the ovary is reduced by 50%. The risk of benign tumors of the ovary is reduced by 90%. Reduces the chance of serious pelvic infections or ectopic pregnancy (which can require major surgery), the probability of developing endometriosis. Some pills clear up acne.
10. Your bones can get stronger. Your breasts might get larger. Your complexion will improve.
Disadvantages:
1.You need to go to a doctor or clinic to get them.
3. May cause irregular bleeding or spotting.
4. When you're on the pill, your motivation to make your partner use condoms may be reduced. That may increase your risk of STIs.
5. You have to remember to take one every day.
6. The pills can cause headaches, depression or high blood pressure.
7. You may not be able to control your weight.
8. Certain medications decrease the effectiveness of the pill.
9. The birth control pill is not for everyone.
 
3. Progestin Only Oral Contraceptive (Mini-Pill):
- Reduces and thickens cervical mucus to prevent sperm from reaching the egg.
- Prevents a fertilized egg from implanting in the uterus (womb).
- Has only one hormone, progestin.
- Have been available for 25 years.
- Effectiveness: 95% to 99.9%.
Advantages:
1. Fewer side effects.
2. Can be used for breast-feeding, smoking women, or even women who have a risk of blood clots.
3. Lightens the flow of your period and protects against pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian and endometrial cancer.
Disadvantages:
1. Must be taken exactly every 24 hours.
2. Causes irregular bleeding sometimes.
3. Does not protect against STIs or HIV.
4. Some women have no periods at all, which makes it hard to tell if pregnancy has occurred.
5. If you get pregnant, the chance of an ectopic pregnancy is quite high.
 
4. The Patch (Ortho Evra):
- A skin patch worn on the lower abdomen, buttocks, or upper body.
- Releases the hormones progestin and estrogen into the bloodstream.
- You put on a new patch once a week for three weeks, then do not wear a patch during the fourth week in order to have a menstrual period.
- Effectiveness: 99%.
- Does not protect against STDs or HIV.
- The Food and Drug Administration approved this method in 2001.
 
5. The Hormonal Vaginal Contraceptive Ring (NuvaRing):

- A ring that releases the hormones progestin and estrogen.
- You wear the ring for three weeks, take it out for the week that you have your period, and then put in a new ring.
- Effectiveness: 98% to 99%.
- The Food and Drug Administration approved this method in 2001.

 
Chỉnh sửa lần cuối:
6. Depo-Provera:
- Hormonal contraceptive given by injection, or shot, once every three months.
- Each injection contains progestin, a hormone much like the one women produce during the last two weeks of the menstrual cycle.
- Prevents ovulation.
- Thickens the mucus in the cervix.
-Effectiveness: 99.7%
Advantages:
1. Offers long term protection, requiring an injection once every 3 months.
2. No daily requirements to take a pill.
3. Enables spontaneous sexual activity.
4. Your menstrual periods will go away completely, no bleeding, no cramps.
5. May cause breast tenderness.
Disadvantages:
1. The ability to get pregnant is sometimes delayed for up to one year after the last shot.
2. No protection against STIs.
3. You may gain weight.
4. May cause unwanted side effects.
5. Prolonged use of the drug may result in significant loss of bone density.
6. May cause soreness in the area of the injection for a couple of days afterwards, headache, dizziness, fatigue, nausea and anxiety.
7. Women should only use Depo-Provera Contraceptive Injection as a long-term birth control method (longer than two years) if other birth control methods are inadequate.
 
7. Norplant (Implants):
- Six small flexible rods filled with a hormone that are placed just under the skin on the inside of your upper arm.
- Prevent the release of an egg.
- The cervical mucous becomes hostile to the passage of sperm.
- The lining of the uterus becomes unfavorable to the attachment of a fertilized egg.
-Effectiveness: 99.7%.
Advantages:
1. No daily pills or requirements prior to having intercourse.
2. Women using Norplant lose less menstrual blood.
3. One insertion and you don't have to think about birth control for five years.
4. Independent of partner cooperation.
Disadvantages:
1. No protection from STIs.
2. Effectiveness decreases over time.
3. Expensive.
4. Removal is much harder than insertion.
5. Causes slight discomfort in the area of the arm where they are implanted.
6. Causes irregular menstrual periods.
7. Weight gain.
8. Some women lose hair while using Norplant.
 
III/ Emergency Contraception (Morning After Pills; PlanB)

- Prevents pregnancy following unprotected intercourse or a known or suspected contraceptive failure.
- Relies on hormones.
- Keeps the egg from joining with the sperm or prevents the egg from implanting in the uterus.
-.Two types: emergency hormonal contraception (75% effective) and emergency IUD insertion (99% effective)

Advantages:
1. You can greatly reduce the chance of unplanned pregnancy.
2. Easy to have.
3. There are several types available today.
Disadvantages:
1. Pregnancy can still occur.
2. Some women get dizzy or nauseated from taking them.
3. They damage your health seriously.
4. No protection from STIs.
 
IV/ Other Methods
There are several other methods can be used as birth control methods, such as abstaining (continuous or periodic), withdrawal, breast-feeding, rhythm, Lea’s Shield, Intrauterine Device (IUD) (Copper T or Progestasert), Intrauterine System (IUS) (Mirena), sterilization (surgical or nonsurgical),…
 
pờ rồ phai của các loại sản phẩm phổ biến:


Male Condom, Latex/Polyurethane
FDA Approval Date: Latex: Use started before premarket approval was required. Polyurethane: cleared in 1989; available starting 1995.
Description: A sheath placed over the erect penis blocking the passage of sperm.
Failure Rate (number of pregnancies expected per 100 women per year): 11
Some Risks (serious medical risks from contraceptives are rare): Irritation and allergic reactions (less likely with polyurethane)
Protection from Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): Except for abstinence, latex condoms are the best protection against STDs, including gonorrhea and AIDS.
Convenience: Applied immediately before intercourse; used only once and discarded. Polyurethane condoms are available for those with latex sensitivity.
Availability: Nonprescription

Female Condom
FDA Approval Date: 1993
Description: A lubricated polyurethane sheath shaped similarly to the male condom. The closed end has a flexible ring that is inserted into the vagina.
Failure Rate: 21
Some Risks: Irritation and allergic reactions
Protection from Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): May give some STD protection; not as effective as latex condom
Convenience: Applied immediately before intercourse; used only once and discarded.
Availability: Nonprescription

Diaphragm with Spermicide
FDA Approval Date: Use started before premarket approval was required.
Description: A dome-shaped rubber disk with a flexible rim that covers the cervix so that sperm cannot reach the uterus. A spermicide is applied to the diaphragm before insertion.
Failure Rate: 17
Some Risks: Irritation and allergic reactions, urinary tract infection. Risk of toxic shock syndrome, a rare but serious infection, when kept in place longer than recommended.
Protection from Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): None
Convenience: Inserted before intercourse and left in place at least six hours after; can be left in place for 24 hours, with additional spermicide for repeated intercourse.
Availability: Prescription

Sponge with Spermicide
FDA Approval Date: 1983 (Not currently marketed)
Description: A disk-shaped polyurethane device containing the spermicide nonoxynol-9.
Failure Rate: 14-28
Some Risks: Irritation and allergic reactions, difficulty in removal. Risk of toxic shock syndrome, a rare but serious infection, when kept in place longer than recommended.
Protection from Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): None
Convenience: Inserted before intercourse and protects for repeated acts of intercourse for 24 hours without additional spermicide; must be left in place for at least six hours after intercourse; must be removed within 30 hours of insertion. Is discarded after use.
Availability: Nonprescription; not currently marketed
Cervical Cap with Spermicide
FDA Approval Date: Prentiff Cap--1988; FemCap--2003
Description: A soft rubber cup with a round rim, which fits snugly around the cervix.
Failure Rate: Prentiff Cap--17; FemCap--23
Some Risks: Irritation and allergic reactions, abnormal Pap test. Risk of toxic shock syndrome, a rare but serious infection, when kept in place longer than recommended.
Protection from Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): None
Convenience: May be difficult to insert; can remain in place for 48 hours without reapplying spermicide for repeated intercourse.
Availability: Prescription

Spermicide Alone
FDA Approval Date: Use started before premarket approval was required. Since November 2002, only one active ingredient has been allowed.
Description: A foam, cream, jelly, film, suppository, or tablet that contains nonoxynol-9, a sperm-killing chemical
Failure Rate: 20-50 (studies have shown varying effectiveness rates)
Some Risks: Irritation and allergic reactions, urinary tract infections
Protection from Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): None
Convenience: Instructions vary; check labeling. Inserted between 5 and 90 minutes before intercourse and usually left in place at least six to eight hours after.
Availability: Nonprescription

Injection (Lunelle)
FDA Approval Date: 2000
Description: An injectable form of progestin and estrogen
Failure Rate: less than 1
Some Risks: Changes in menstrual cycle, weight gain. Similar to oral contraceptives--combined.
Protection from Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): None
Convenience: Injection given once a month.
Availability: Prescription

Injection (Depo-Provera)
FDA Approval Date: 1992
Description: An injectable progestin that inhibits ovulation, prevents sperm from reaching the egg, and prevents the fertilized egg from implanting in the uterus.
Failure Rate: less than 1
Some Risks: Irregular bleeding, weight gain, breast tenderness, headaches
Protection from Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): None
Convenience: One injection every three months.
Availability: Prescription

Vaginal Contraceptive Ring (NuvaRing)
FDA Approval Date: 2001
Description: A flexible ring inserted into vagina, releases the hormones progestin and estrogen.
Failure Rate: 1-2
Some Risks: Vaginal discharge, vaginitis, irritation. Similar to oral contraceptives--combined pill
Protection from Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): None
Convenience: Inserted by the woman; remains in the vagina for 3 weeks, then is removed for 1 week. If ring is expelled and remains out for more than 3 hours, another birth control method must be used until ring has been used continuously for 7 days.
Availability: Prescription

Oral Contraceptives--combined pill
FDA Approval Date: First in 1960; most recent in 2003
Description: A pill that suppresses ovulation by the combined actions of the hormones estrogen and progestin. A chewable form was approved in November 2003.
Failure Rate: 1-2
Some Risks: Dizziness; nausea; changes in menstruation, mood, and weight; rarely, cardiovascular disease, including high blood pressure, blood clots, heart attack, and strokes
Protection from Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): None
Convenience: Must be taken on daily schedule, regardless of frequency of intercourse. Women using the chewable tablet must drink 8 oz. of liquid immediately after taking.
Availability: Prescription

Oral Contraceptives--91-day regimen (Seasonale)
FDA Approval Date: 2003
Description: A pill containing estrogen and progestin, taken in 3-month cycles of 12 weeks of active pills followed by one week of inactive pills. Menstrual periods occur during the 13th week of the cycle.
Failure Rate: 1-2
Some Risks: Similar to oral contraceptives--combined pill
Protection from Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): None
Convenience: Must be taken on daily schedule, regardless of frequency of intercourse. Since users will have fewer periods, they should consider the possibility that they might be pregnant if they miss scheduled periods. May have more unplanned bleeding and spotting between periods than with 28-day oral contraceptives.
Availability: Prescription

Oral Contraceptives--progestin-only mini-pill
FDA Approval Date: 1973
Description: A pill containing only the hormone progestin that reduces and thickens cervical mucus to prevent the sperm from reaching the egg.
Failure Rate: 2
Some Risks: Irregular bleeding, weight gain, breast tenderness, less protection against ectopic pregnancy
Protection from Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): None
Convenience: Must be taken on daily schedule, regardless of frequency of intercourse.
Availability: Prescription

Patch (Ortho Evra)
FDA Approval Date: 2001
Description: Skin patch worn on the lower abdomen, buttocks, or upper body that releases the hormones progestin and estrogen into the bloodstream.
Failure Rate: 1-2 (Appears to be less effective in women weighing more than 198 pounds.)
Some Risks: Similar to oral contraceptives--combined pill
Protection from Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): None
Convenience: New patch is applied once a week for three weeks. Patch is not worn during the fourth week, and woman has a menstrual period.
Availability: Prescription

Implant (Norplant)
FDA Approval Date: 1990
Description: Six matchstick-sized rubber rods that are surgically implanted under the skin of the upper arm, where they steadily release the contraceptive steroid levonorgestrel.
Failure Rate: less than 1
Some Risks: Irregular bleeding, weight gain, breast tenderness, headaches, difficulty in removal
Protection from Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): None
Convenience: Implanted and removed by health-care provider in minor outpatient surgical procedure; effective for up to five years.
Availability: Prescription. In July 2002, Norplant's manufacturer announced that it will no longer distribute the Norplant system. Women using the system should contact their doctors about what their contraceptive options will be after the five-year expiration date of their Norplant systems.

Lea's Shield
FDA Approval Date: 2002
Description: A dome-shaped rubber disk with a valve and a loop that is held in place by the vaginal wall. Covers the upper vagina and cervix so that sperm cannot reach the uterus. Spermicide is applied before insertion.
Failure Rate: 15
Some Risks: Skin irritation, spotting, discomfort (female and male partners), urinary tract infection. Theoretical risk of toxic shock syndrome.
Protection from Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): None
Convenience: Inserted before intercourse and left in place at least 8 hours after; can be left in place for up to 48 hours, with additional spermicide for repeated intercourse.
Availability: Prescription

IUD (Intrauterine Device)
FDA Approval Date: 1976
Description: A T-shaped device inserted into the uterus by a health professional.
Failure Rate: less than 1
Some Risks: Cramps, bleeding, pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, perforation of uterus
Protection from Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): None
Convenience: After insertion by physician, can remain in place for up to one or 10 years, depending on type.
Availability: Prescription

Post-Coital Contraceptives (Preven and Plan B)
FDA Approval Date: 1998-1999
Description: Pills containing either progestin alone or progestin plus estrogen
Failure Rate: Almost 80 percent reduction in risk of pregnancy for a single act of unprotected sex
Some Risks: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fatigue, headache
Protection from Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): None
Convenience: Must be taken within 72 hours of having unprotected intercourse.
Availability: Prescription

Trans-abdonimal Surgical Sterilization--female (Falope Ring, Hulka Clip, Filshie Clip)
FDA Approval Date: Early 1970s
Description: The woman's fallopian tubes are blocked so the egg and sperm can't meet in the fallopian tube, preventing conception.
Failure Rate: less than 1
Some Risks: Pain, bleeding, infection, other post-surgical complications, ectopic (tubal) pregnancy.
Protection from Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): None
Convenience: One-time surgical procedure that requires an abdominal incision.
Availability: Surgery

Periodic Abstinence
FDA Approval Date: N/A
Description: To deliberately refrain from having sexual intercourse during times when pregnancy is more likely.
Failure Rate: 20
Some Risks: None
Protection from Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): None
Convenience: Requires frequent monitoring of body functions (for example, body temperature for one method).
Availability: Instructions from health-care provider

Sterilization Implant--female (Essure System)
FDA Approval Date: 2002
Description: Small metallic implant that is placed into the fallopian tubes. The device works by causing scar tissue to form, blocking the fallopian tubes and preventing conception.
Failure Rate: less than 1
Some Risks: Mild to moderate pain after insertion, ectopic (tubal) pregnancy.
Protection from Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): None
Convenience: Minor surgical procedure, permanent sterilization. Device is inserted through the vagina using a catheter. Women must rely on another birth control method during the first three months, until placement is confirmed with an X-ray procedure.
Availability: Prescription

Surgical Sterilization—male
FDA Approval Date: N/A
Description: Sealing, tying, or cutting a man's vas deferens so that the sperm can't travel from the testicles to the penis.
Failure Rate: less than 1
Some Risks: Pain, bleeding, infection, other minor postsurgical complications
Protection from Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs): None
Convenience: One-time surgical procedure.
Availability: Surgery
 
xin lỗi là:
- không hiểu sao em không thể up mấy cái ảnh lên đây cho mọi người dễ hình dung
- đây là report em đì-zai cho teenagers nên những biện pháp được recommanded nhất đều là những biện pháp phổ thông nhất, an toàn nhất đối với "bọn trẻ con", vì thế mà với một số người thì sẽ không mang giá tị thực tiễn cao lắm :D
- vì là bài tập tiếng Anh nên em lười dịch sang tiếng Việt lắm :p
- rất rất xin lỗi mọi người là em phải cắt nhỏ bài viết ra :(( máy tính của em bị đơ rồi, không di chuyển màn hình khi select được nên chỉ giới hạn được trong một ô, rồi file mở ra bị lỗi liên tục, không làm sao mà post bình thường được.
- hôm nay em nói nhiều quá :D
 
Ba'c Tua^'n ye^u ca^`u TW mo+? box gia'o du.c gio+'i ti'nh ru`i move topic ni` sang ddo' ddi.
 
ấy tình hình là máy lại ngon, phiền bác nào xóa hộ em cái topic này :p em sẽ post nguyên văn tất tật vào một cái mới nhé.

à, đúng rồi, sao không có box nào chăm sóc sức khỏe nhỉ? trong đấy mình sẽ nói về toàn bộ những thứ liên quan đến sức khỏe, bao gồm cả sức khỏe giới tính, sức khỏe sinh sản (như cái topic này) nữa. em cũng đang định xin thầy Tuấn cho làm một phòng thông tin y tế , tư vấn y tế trong trường mình đấy. hay các anh giúp em xây dựng đề án nhé?
 
move sang khoa học kỹ thuật thì hơi quá =)).
 
Vấn đề kỹ thuật là vấn đề khác rồi:D.
Di chuyển nó đến box học tập đi cho anh em thảo luận. ;)
 
Bạn phải đăng nhập hoặc đăng ký để phản hồi tại đây.
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